Surrogate-based optimum design of 3D reinforced concrete building frames to Eurocodes

The optimum structural design of real-world 3D concrete building frames to modern standards is a complex and computationally expensive task. Hence, the use surrogate-based optimization (SBO) methodologies must be investigated reduce computational cost. present study applies, for first time, fully-fledged SBO algorithm frames. More particularly, applied minimum material cost 4-storey 12-storey RC according Eurocodes. It found that can converge earlier than other well-established metaheuristic algorithms reducing considerably required effort. Nevertheless, it likely get trapped in local optima large-scale To overcome this drawback, novel hybrid approach also proposed herein offers improved performance